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The tribal sheikh in pre-Islamic Arabia held a significant position within his tribe, as he was a source of happiness for them. He symbolized generosity, courage, and possessed a big heart and eloquent speech. Under his leadership, tribal issues were resolved, harmony was restored, and everyone lived in peace, love, and tranquility. He assisted those in need, forgave mistakes, fostered hope, and cultivated feelings of affection in the hearts of the people.
This study focuses on the troubles faced by Scholars in Yemen as documented in the Book: Al-Eqd Al-Faakher Al-Hasan Fi Tabaqat Akaber Ahlul-Yaman (The Elegant Pearl in the Classes of the Great Notables of Yemen) by Abu Al-Hasan Ali Al-Khazraji (d.812.AH). The study explores the various hardships that Yemeni scholars encountered, which are a manifestation of Allah's law upon His Faithful Servants. These trials were not uniform; some scholars faced death, while others were imprisoned, tortured, had their wealth confiscated, or suffered from afflictions such as poverty and illness. The reasons leading to their trials varied, often stemming from slander, enmity, or cunning plots against them. Additionally, some faced repercussions due to their reluctance to taking up positions entrusted to them or their inclination to support one political faction over another. This study relies heavily on Al-Khazraji's book, which is considered a significant reference in the biographies of Yemeni figures across different social strata. Finally, the research concludes with a summary of key findings and recommendations. Keywords: troubles, scholars, murder, imprisonment, confiscation, illness.
The pilgrimage routes throughout history represent a research field that reveals significant political and cultural aspects of the entities and individuals connected to them. In many cases, these routes became arenas of competition, rivalry, and conflict over providing services to the routes and their travelers. Upon examining the research scope of pilgrimage routes, the study highlights the role of al-Yamama from ancient times. Al-Yamama was not merely a passage for pilgrimage caravans; it served as a gateway for assembling pilgrims from the northern, southern, and eastern regions of al-Yamama, as well as from adjacent geographical areas. Furthermore, it organized the departure of these pilgrims, ensuring the security and provisioning of the caravans, while offering them options for the safest and most convenient routes to Makkah. Historical sources have documented these caravans under the name "Pilgrims of al-Yamama," with an independent pilgrimage banner distinct from others. This banner sometimes included caravans from other regions, such as Basra, Kufa, Bahrain, Oman, and others. Keywords: Pilgrimage – Makkah – Al-Yamama – Pilgrimage routes – Pilgrimage systems.
This research deals with a detailed study of one of the distinguished Asiri scientific and social figures, belonging to a long-standing family in science and social status at the level of the Arabian Peninsula in general, and its south in particular, namely the family of Al-Bakri Al-Ajili, especially the most prominent of its scholars and scientists, who had a great reputation in science, education, reform, and calling to Allah Almighty in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries Hijri. In his community, he had the upper hand in writing, reading, reforming among the people, spreading science, opening educational circles, and dictating lessons to those who attend the science circles in their mosque in their town “Rujal”, or in their other village “Athalif” in the Rijal Almaa region; where these two schools before the arrival of the first Saudi state became centers of knowledge that attracted a number of students from Asir, from outside it, and even from some countries outside the Arabian Peninsula, whether from Indian pilgrims, Jabart, and others.
Introduction: The importance of the endowment in the Islamic society because it contributes to social solidarity, and derives its legitimacy from the Holy Qur'an, the Sunnah of the Prophet and the consensus of Muslim scholars, and its truth is to lock up a certain money as an ongoing charity that meets the continuous benefits of society. The study is based on Sheikh Said Al-Khalili's seventh-volume Preface to the Rules of Faith, which means the third volume, which deals with the endowment and its banks, as societies today face destitution, lack of income and high living. Objectives: The research aims to shed light on the importance of the endowment in our time, and its containment of society in the values of social solidarity as a sustainable social development for the individual and the group, in order to pay the damage, and meet their necessary needs, which are originally the responsibility of society and the state. Methodology: The research takes the descriptive and analytical approach in achieving the objectives of the research from the reality of the importance of the endowment and its sustainable entity. The research methodology is divided into an introduction and three axes; the introduction focused on introducing the endowment, and also includes introducing the book Preface to the Rules of Faith and its author. The first axis deals with the types and forms of endowment, while the second axis focuses on the expenses of the endowment, old and new, and the third axis is devoted to the contribution of the endowment to social solidarity, in which Islam applies doctrine, worship, law, system, morality and behavior, as well as zakat and charity. It embodies the individual's awareness of his social responsibility and increases his sense of community issues. Keywords: endowment, introductory book, social solidarity, social development.
Keywords: Food; Beverages; Southwest Arabia.
The Islamic world is rich in historically significant geographical regions, which is not surprising given its role as the cradle of civilization. Among these significant regions, some have gained additional importance due to their status as religious landmarks frequented by Muslims during their rituals. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) designated specific spatial locations for Hajj and Umrah rituals, one of them is the Miqat of Al Juhfa. Given the religious significance of Al Juhfa, I decided to study its history during the period (1-625 AH / 622-1227 CE), as Al Juhfa flourished during this time before its decline and destruction (569-625 AH / 1173-1227 CE). The research is divided into three main sections: Firstly, the geography of Al Juhfa Region. Secondly, the Political Conditions. Thirdly, the Civilizational Conditions. The research concluded with several findings, including: - Al Juhfa was a thriving village inhabited by residents until it was abandoned and destroyed during a time frame that appears to span from the second half of the sixth century specifically after the year (569 AH / 1173 CE) to the first quarter of the seventh century, concluding in the year (625 AH / 1227 CE.( - There are two Al Juhfas: the first, which is the focus of this research, was destroyed and abandoned, and the second is the modern Al Juhfa. - Al Juhfa occupies a significant historical and religious location as it lies on the route connecting Mecca and Medina, making it the main station for travelers, including pilgrims and others. - Al Juhfa was inhabited before the advent of Islam, with its history tracing back to the Era of the Amalekites
كشفت أعمال المسوحات لواجهات الفنون الصخرية عن كثير من صور الحصان في مناطق تبوك والجوف والعلا ونيوم، وفي الشويمس وراطب وجبة بجان. وتنوعت الموضوعات التي ظهر الحصان فيها، فأحيانًا يُصوَّر مقترنًا بنصوص رمزية للتعبير عن الاعتزاز بمكانته، واستخدم أيضًا في أعمال القتال والفروسية والصيد لبعض الحيوانات والطيور، كما ارتبط في بعض المشاهد ببحر العرب. يدل ذلك على أن الفنان قد صوّر مشاهد من بيئته أو على الأقل نقلها من بيئة أخرى قريبة منه، ما يشير إلى أن مناطق شمال غرب المملكة العربية السعودية كانت صالحة لمعيشة الحصان خلال هذه العصور القديمة، كما يُحتمل أن تكون جزيرة العرب أحد أقدم مناطق استئناس الحصان.
This research deals with the pledge of allegiance to Al -Radwan, which is one of the most important historical studies in the history of Islam, as it focuses on various aspects of this important pledge of allegiance, as the first topic deals with the definition of the pledge of allegiance and its importance as a historical station to embody the unity of Muslims, while the second topic reviews the events of Al -Radwan pledge of allegiance, its causes and conditions with a focus on Its events, and the third topic highlights the people of Al -Radwan pledge of allegiance, their virtue and their role, and the fourth topic reviews the results of the pledge of allegiance and lessons learned from them, stressing its impact on promoting unity and loyalty to religion and society, and extracts historical lessons useful for Muslims. Keywords: Allegiance to Radwan, the Prophet's biography, historical influence, social cohesion
The Euphrates Island was distinguished by its important geographical and strategic location, as it is the link between the Levant and Iraq, and it gained great importance for the Abbasid Caliphate ; it is natural that this importance had a great impact on the policy of the Abbasid Caliphate in appointing princes and leaders with a degree of military and administrative competence to limit the hostile movements in the island against the Caliphate. The researcher chose the topic; (Malik bin Touq Al-Taghlabi and his political and civilizational impact on the Abbasid state) (d. 260 AH / 873 AD). The method followed in this research is the method of description and analysis, and the research consists of an introduction and main axes . First: Entitled: Malik bin Touq, the owner of Al-Rahba The second: entitled: The civilizational dimension of the city of Rahba The third: entitled: His charitable works The fourth: entitled: The status of Malik bin Touq in the Abbasid state The fifth: entitled: The civilizational features of the city of Rahba, including the (urban - agricultural - trade - industry - scientific) aspect Then the researcher summarized the results of the research and recommendations in the conclusion, and attached a number of explanatory appendices.
تكشف منطقة الصبية اليوم عن أدلة جديدة على قدم الاستيطان في أرض الكويت، وقدرة الانسان على التكيف والعيش والاستفادة من موارد الطبيعة لبداية الحضار ة في منطقة الخليج العربي
This study is an attempt to identify the location of the city of Ḥajr and its seasonal market within contemporary Riyadh. Despite Ḥajr being one of the most significant ancient cities in the Arabian Peninsula, scholars have disagreed on its precise location. Some have placed it in the Al-Dira neighborhood, which is the center of present-day Riyadh, while others have located it in the Al-Kharab (Al-Jaradiyah) area, southwest of Asir Street. A third scholar posits that its location is not within Riyadh at all, but rather in the Al-Kharj governorate. This study seeks to discuss these conclusions based on the evidence provided by the scholars regarding the location of Ḥajr and its seasonal market, and it aims to establish this location using new historical, geographical, and archaeological evidence that has not been addressed in previous studies.
This study presents the most prominent events in the Al-Jouf region in the late era of the Saudi state, after the death of Faisal bin Turki and the entry of his sons into civil conflicts, leading to the weakness of the second Saudi state, Which had a negative impact on the Al-Jouf region, which provided the opportunity for the Ottoman forces in that period to impose their control over the Al-Jouf region, The governors of the Ottoman Empire in both Syria and Medina exploited these circumstances in their attempt to extend their influence over the Al-Jouf region and demand that the region belong to their jurisdiction, These events also led to Ibn al-Rashid’s bad policy in the Al-Jouf region and his resort to brutality with its people. The study shows the great effort made by the Ottoman governor of Syria to subject the Al-Jouf region to his jurisdiction in Syria, His pledge to the Grand Vizier to give the Al-Jouf region the attention it deserves. This study relied on the Ottoman document dating back to 1292 AH/1875 AD. Keywords: Al-Jouf, Hail, Arabian Desert, Abn Alrashid, The Saudi state, Syria.
The study group of inscriptions is located on the facade of Mount Dedan (Dedan - Al-Khuraybah) in Al-Ula Governorate, in the form of three groups, the first on the northern side facing the Islamic fort, the second next to the family tombs, and the third on the southern side next to the lion tombs. The study includes six inscriptions, including three dated inscriptions, two of which date back to the beginning of the fourth century AH/tenth century AD 311 AH/923 AD, 312 AH/924 AD. The third is from the beginning of the fifth century AH - the eleventh century AD 417 AH / 1026 AD. The study relies on the development of the shape of the letters on the rock facades, which differ in their development from tombstones or manuscripts on papyrus and paper. The importance of these dated inscriptions lies in the fact that they correspond to the period of the Islamic fortress at the site of Deden, which dates back to the Abbasid-Fatimid period.
This research addresses the most significant water facilities - according to the sources - in Mecca during the first Abbasid era. This period was marked by the strength of the caliphate, the caliphs' focus on the stability of the Islamic state by making a flourishing civilization in various fields. It also highlights a due care to the two sacred cities by providing the needs of its residents and visitors, including pilgrims, worshippers, and those residing near the sacred cities and others. The research addresses the two main factors: First factor: Types of water facilities in Mecca during the first Abbasid era, such as wells, springs, reservoirs, water factories, and other facilities. Second factor: The impact of these water facilities on public life in Mecca during the first Abbasid era, with a particular focus on the significance of these facilities
أفرز مجتمع الخليج العربي زعامات سياسية معتمدة على قوة اقتصادية وكثرة أتباعها الذين يدينون لها بالتبعية الاقتصادية، وأنهم في قوتهم يوازون قوة الشيوخ والحكّام، وهؤلاء هم تجار اللؤلؤ والخيول وأصحاب السفن، لذا لا بد من الإشارة إلى هرموز ميناء كرمان, وهي مدينة كثيرة النخيل شديدة الحرارة، وأن هرموز العتيقة قد خربت من غارات التتر، وأن أهلها انتقلوا عنها إلى جزيرة في البحر تُسمّى جرون، وهي جزيرة قريبة إلى البر غرب هرموز العتيقة، وتقع قبالة عُمان
The purpose of this research is to address the issue of the battle between the Bakiriya and Shanana, given their primary importance in uniting the country. The first time King Abdulaziz's strength and wise policy began to emerge, he highlighted his role in the annexation of Al-Qasim, the elimination of the influence of Al-Rachid and the Ottoman empire, and his profile as a politician.The Ottoman empire, after defeating it in the battle of Shanana, sought to negotiate with him as the governor of Najd and Al-Qasim. The research followed a historical, descriptive, and analytical approach. It was divided into a historical overview of the situations before and after the battles of the Bakiriya and Shanana, focusing on two elements: the Battle of Bakiriya, its causes, its most important events, and its consequences, and the situation after the Battle of Shanana and the conclusion of its most important findings. Najd, Al-Qassim, Unaizah, Buraidah, Al-Bukayriyah, Shanana, King Abdulaziz Ibn Rashid, the Ottoman Empire.
Charles Huber is a French traveler who made an exploratory trip to the Arabian Peninsula between 1878-1881 AD. His journey included some cities in northern Arabia, northern Hijaz, and Qassim. He concluded his journey in 1881 AD from the city of Hail, departing with the Iraqi Hajj caravan returning from Makkah via the Iraqi Hajj route until the city of Baghdad, and from this point, he left to France. This study focuses on his journey with the Hajj caravan and his description of the caravan organization and components, along with his description of Iraqi Hajj route between Hail and Baghdad and its archaeological monuments in that period.
King Abdul Aziz, may God have mercy on him, was able to establish a large, sprawling state that included the Al-Jawf region, which entered his rule in 1340 AH/1921 AD. He appointed princes before him for these regions, which required building centers for this emirate. From this standpoint, this study came under the title: “Palaces.” The emirate in the Al-Jawf region during the reign of King Abdul Aziz (Dumat Al-Jandal - Al-Shuwaihtiyya) is a model for a “historical and cultural study”, which aims to clarify the architectural structure of these two palaces and their uses. The study was based on a field visit to these two palaces and the descriptive approach to them. Keywords: Dumat Al-Jandal - Al-Jawf - Emirate Palaces - Al-Shuwaihtiya.
The scholars of Draa, like other scholars of Morocco, were interested in documenting the news of their pilgrimage, scientific or embassies. They took the same path as their predecessors in the past, followed their footsteps and followed their approach. We were able to count more than fifteen documented journeys between the tenth and thirteenth Hijri years/16-19 AD. This period is classified among the most prominent historical periods during which the Moroccan journey to the Hijaz region flourished. This was evident in what the Moroccan scholars who visited the region during that period wrote of various travel texts that included precise details about its social life and its political, cultural and economic conditions. Among the recorded journeys about a pilgrimage from Zawiya Tamgrout in Morocco to the Hijaz is the journey of Sheikh Ahmed bin Sheikh Mohammed bin Nasser Al-Dar’i, Abu Al-Abbas, known as the Caliph (1121 AH/1709 AD). It is a journey worthy of study and investigation, as it contains scientific information, historical information, and socio-economic events. To achieve this purpose, I divided the subject into four main points: 1- The author of the journey 2- The content of the journey. 3- Description of Medina and its conditions. 4- Conclusion and conclusions.
This research is concerned with studying and verifying the location of the wall or garden attributed to Abdullah bin Aamir bin Kurayz al-Abshami al-Qurashi (9-59 AH), which he built in Arafat, Makkah. The research will be divided into two sections; the first: discusses the biography of Abdullah bin Aamir and his construction works in Makkah, as well as his role in providing water sources in Makkah. The second section: focuses on the wall of Ibn Aamir in Arafat, in terms of determining its location and its relation to defining the boundaries of Arafat in Islamic jurisprudence. The study relied on original sources and field research by visiting the site of the wall and attempting to accurately locate it. The study is unique in its in-depth exploration of the subject and its investigation of the wall's accounts in historical, jurisprudential, and travelers' sources.
Clothing and adornment represent an important aspect of civilized life, contributing to a close depiction of the region's identity and culture. The type of clothing, its materials, sources, and other related questions together shape the civilization of the area, influenced by various factors that help form general judgments about the region's social and economic behavior. This research studies the topics of clothing and adornment in Eastern Arabia from 132 to 656 AH, considering it a vast region blessed with growth and prosperity. Its unique location made it a target of ambitions and a focal point for conflicts, leading to a turbulent history marked by instability. This backdrop highlights the distinct way of life of the region's inhabitants compared to other areas of the Arabian Peninsula. The region is renowned for its textile production, which was a primary source of livelihood for its people and a key aspect of their trade. Clothing varied due to several factors, being influenced by social conditions while also affecting them. Distinctions arose between the clothing of the elite and the common people, the free and the enslaved, and Muslims and others. Additionally, there were various characteristics in terms of color and style. Both men and women had their specific garments, although there were also shared clothing items for both genders. With Islam's emphasis on beauty and encouragement towards adornment and refinement, a notable interest developed in methods of beautification, with women reaping the largest share. Women adorned themselves with jewelry, gemstones, kohl, and henna, while men took care of their appearance by wearing rings and dyeing their beards and hair with henna. The region’s inhabitants frequently used various types of perfumes, highlighting a collective appreciation for beauty and elegance.
عانت منطقة جازان؛ كغيرها من مناطق المملكة العربية السعودية ولاسيما قبل وصول الخدمات الصحية الحديثة إليها في عهد الملك عبدالعزيز - رحمه الله - من انتشار الكثير من الأمراض الفتاكة التي أودت بكثير من الأرواح, على الرغم من وجود بعض الوسائل العلاجية البدائية أو ما يُسمى بالطب الشعبي, ولذا فإن هذه الدراسة تتناول موضوع الطب الشعبي في منطقة جازان خلال النصف الأول من القرن الرابع عشر الهجري/التاسع عشر الميلادي, وذلك من خلال تمهيد ومبحثين رئيسيين, حيث يعرض التمهيد مفهوم الطب الشعبي لدى سكان المنطقة, وأسباب انتشار الأمراض فيها, أما المبحث الأول فيتناول أهم أسباب انتشار الأمراض في المنطقة خلال مدة الدراسة وأبرز الأدوات الطبية المستخدمة لعلاج تلك الأمراض, وأما المبحث الثاني فيتناول عرضًا لأهم الأمراض في المنطقة وطرق علاجها من خلال الطب الشعبي.
This research provides a description of the geography of the Ash- Shihr region, which is the historical region located in the region of the southern Arabian Peninsula, the study presented in the introduction a definition of this region and its linguistic and spatial significance, the study also touched on determining the geographical extension of the region, and the study sought to monitor the geographical features of the region according to the references mentioned in the sources, where the researcher traced the most important things mentioned in a number of classical sources (Greek-Roman) and Islamic geographical sources with regard to the geographical characteristics and features of the region, starting from its astronomical and geographical location, and its status in the ancient world in terms of regional division and classification, the research also touched on shedding light on the most prominent features of the region’s climate, as it was distinguished by some climatic characteristics that attracted the interest of historians and geographers, the researcher then moved on to monitor what was reported about the terrain and surface features of the region in those sources, and among the most important of these terrains: mountains and valleys, as the sources that the study examined recorded for us information about some of the names of the mountains and valleys that are located within the Ash-Shihr region, we have also recorded for us some of the geographical features that characterize those mountains and valleys, and the topography of the region that the historical sources have recorded for us, as well as the marine capes and bays, as we will see in the course of the research the presence of a number of bays and marine capes - called in some sources Al-Ghab or Al-Jun -, then the research moved on to mention the islands of the region that were mentioned in the sources, the most important of which are: Socotra Island in the Republic of Yemen, and the islands of Korea Muria - Al-Hallaniyat - in the Sultanate of Oman currently, the sources documented for us what characterized those islands, both in terms of their geography and the appearance of their surface, and the appearance of its surface, or what it was famous for in terms of merchandise and commercial commodities that had value in the markets of the ancient world, the last station of this research was on the roads and paths of the region, the region had paths and roads for the passage of internal and external caravans, and those paths and roads varied between the sea roads and, the interior roads , the researcher also tried to track and monitor the signs related to these roads, while trying to link some of the names related to them that were mentioned in ancient sources to what matches or is close to them in our current time. Keywords: Ash- Shihr - South Arabia - Geography - Surface appearances
A number of the sultanates and kingdoms of India were linked to the Mamluk Sultanate with political and military relations, which increased their claim to the existence of the Abbasid Caliphate in Egypt. Therefore, A number of the sultans of India were keen to obtain a tradition from the Abbasid Caliph, to legitimize their rule, and for this reason they exchanged embassies with the Mamluk Sultanate and the resident Abbasid Caliph. In Egypt at that time, which led to the consolidation of political relations between the two countries. As for the military alliance, it arose due to the success of the Portuguese in reaching India, their occupation of a number of Indian ports, and their piracy in the Indian Ocean. To control it and prevent Indian and Mamluk trade from passing through, which led to the injury of the Mamluk Sultanate and the Sultanates and kingdoms of India with serious economic and security damage, so they allied to eliminate the common enemy, and if they initially won in the battle of Cheol, they were defeated in the battle of Dio, which led to the control of The Portuguese over the Indian trade, and this had serious political, economic and religious implications for the Indian and Mamluk sides.
This research deals with the study of two arm guards preserved in the Georgia National Museum. I chose these two guards, as they are published for the first time, in addition to the decorative richness of pictorial drawings of hunting themes, and various floral motifs. The detailed descriptive approach of the two protectors was followed in terms of the industry, decoration methods and the decorative elements implemented on them, in addition to the comparative analytical method in order to identify the similarities and differences between the two masterpieces under study and their contemporary metal artifacts in order to reach the history of their industry and the historical period to which they belong. The study concluded with a set of results and facts, including the ratio of the two arm guards to the Safavid era (11th century AH / 17th century AD). The decoration of the outer frame that surrounds each of them has been decorated in the same style and decorations, which confirms that the two protectors date back to the same time period, perhaps to the same manufacturer or one of his students. In addition, the study showed the artist's success in expressing the nature of movement and realism in his figurative themes, through diversification in the movements of people and the diversity of their weapons, animals, and the direction of their movement. Key words: arm guards, Georgia National Museum, Safavid era, engraving style, illustrations, floral motifs.
This research delved into the importance of investing in historical sites within the Sultanate of Oman. Harat Al-Aqr (Al-Aqr Alley), a historical site, was selected as a case study for two primary reasons: its historical value and the investment experience associated with it. The study aimed to accentuate the alley's historical significance, define the envisioned investment objectives, and outline the challenges encountered during the initial stages of investment, along with the gains and accomplishments achieved. The research was anchored in the hypothesis that investing in Oman's historical sites could yield direct and indirect economic returns, contributing to the national economy's resources. The study sought to leverage the experience gained from Harat Al-Aqr and apply it to other Omani alleys. To fulfill its objectives, the research employed historical, descriptive, and case study methodologies, utilizing interviews as a primary research tool. The study was structured into an introduction and three main segments: Theoretical Framework, elucidating the importance of investing in historical sites; Historical Value of Harat Al-Aqr; and Investment in Harat Al-Aqr, encompassing its origins, challenges, benefits, and achievements. The conclusion encapsulated the key discoveries of the research. Several conclusions were drawn from the study, primarily highlighting the viability of investing in heritage and culture sectors, especially in historical sites. The investment experience in Nizwa stands as a model that could be replicated under similar conditions and factors. Keywords: Investment, historical sites, Harat Al-Aqr, Nizwa, Sustainable development
يتناول هذا البحث المفردات والتراكيب التي استخدمها المصريون القدماء للتعبير عن اضطرابات السماء والأرض، مثل: mnmn، sdA، qi، hmhmt، nhnhA، nhm، nwT، nwr وتختلف هذه المصطلحات في دقتها ودلالاتها، وقد فسّرت العديد من النصوص أسباب هذه الظواهر، منها ما هو إلهي مرتبط بالآلهة والقوى الكونية، ومنها ما هو طبيعي كاضطراب الأرض، والظواهر الجوية، والأحداث الفلكية. كما تناولت النصوص تأثير هذه الظواهر على البيئة مثل المطر والظلام، وعلى الإنسان من حيث الانفعالات النفسية.
By tracing the archaeological and written records in Sudan, we found that sorghum was cultivated early in Sudan, since the fourth millennium BC. It appeared in many inscriptions and decorative drawings on pottery vessels and rock drawings, besides analyses conducted on skeletal remains that proved the use of sorghum in the daily food of the ancient inhabitants of Sudan. Current kinds of food, such as porridge (Asida) and marissa were also found in the archaeological record, which indicates a clear cultural continuity in food behavior from ancient times until today. Sorghum is considered the backbone of the Sudanese food culture. It is cultivated in a wide range of Sudan's plain lands. The environment has helped it to be the largest agricultural crop in the plains of central and western Sudan and in the south of central Sudan as well. Nowadays, sorghum is included as a main ingredient in popular breads, comprising types such as Kisra (also spelled kissra) and porridge (Asida), as well as some drinks such as starch and marissa. KEYWORDS: Sudanese food culture-cultural origins of sorghum- ancient food of Sudan
The book (Almuhamashun in Islamic History) by well-known history professor Mahmoud Ismail Abdel Razek is considered one of the contemporary books that has gained some popularity among those interested in Islamic history. In this book, Dr. Mahmoud reviews a number of revolutions of the marginalized people - or the Muhamasheen as he called them - in different countries and throughout the hurricane, by employing material factors, economic and social, to understand the reality of these movements, explain their causes and analyze their results. Despite the novelty of the book's topic and the boldness of its idea, it did not escape many slips and falls. It is blamed on the author that he was always prejudiced against the rulers in power, biased towards the movements of the marginalized people, and fanatical towards the majority of jurists and historians, a position that is not based on an objective basis, as much as it expresses a personal whim he has. Moreover, Dr. Mahmoud viewed the movements of the marginalized people through his socialist tendencies, which means his total reliance on material factors in interpreting the history of those movements in exchange for his marginalization of the rest of the other factors, such as religious ones, for example, which is a short reading that does not allow its owner to understand all the circumstances of those revolutions and its results. Because of his total bias towards the marginalized people in their revolutions, and his full commitment to the materialistic interpretation of history; Dr. Mahmoud was forced to elect what corresponds to his whim from the historical evidence in order to achieve his goals through open selectivity. These observations, and others that the reader will find when reading the research in detail, necessitate that he be careful and consider when reading such books whose authors claim that they are supporters of enlightenment and protectors of thought because their books may contain ideas aimed at distorting the image of Islamic history, dwarfing its achievements and exaggerating its mistakes. Key words: Almuhamashun in Islamic History, Mahmoud Ismail, marginalized people, revolutions, criticism
The study aims to translate a British report recorded by Thomas Edmunds, an assistant officer of the East India Company “EIC”, into Arabic and provide it with annotations and a preliminary post-analysis. The report was not translated previously in the Kuwaiti Academic field, and it is relevant to diverse societal and environmental aspects of Kuwat Town and its Failaka Island in November 1839. Numerous questions are examined on the report; the most prominent of which are as follows: where is the report’s holograph preserved? Was the report subjected to an editing-typing process in later English primary and/or secondary sources? If so, was it summarized and/or revised in such sources? Has it been used in contemporary Arabic and English academic studies? What are circumstances that led to the report’s formation? What are life’s observed details of the town and island? To approach T. Edmunds’ observations and his own linguistic expressions the study relies on three varied methods. Last but not least, The study draws several results in addition to a recommendation. Most prominent of the earlier are various life’s activities of the town and the island in terms of social, economic and political forms. Keywords: history, Kuwait, Failaka, Edmunds, Britian.
Abstract: This article discusses the usage of Google Earth for exploration in the field of archaeological research. Through its various editions (web platform, computer programs, mobile applications, etc.), it provides high-resolution images that help in the exploration of new archaeological sites in different regions. The article reviews some selected examples of stone structures in the north, northwest, and west of Saudi Arabia that Google Earth has helped to explore and identify. The article seeks to evaluate the feasibility of using Google Earth in archaeological research and to what extent it contributes to finding solutions to the challenges of field archaeological surveys in vast desert areas that are difficult to survey and explore by ground survey. The article focuses on providing scientific material in Arabic for specialists, enthusiasts, and students of archaeology on the usage of Google Earth in the field of archaeological research of stone structures in Saudi Arabia to build scientific knowledge in Arabic to keep pace with modern scientific advances in the field of archaeological survey. Keywords: archaeology, Google Earth, satellite images, stone structures, exploration, archaeological survey, archaeological sites, archaeological excavations.
The Ottomans had an urgent need to emphasize their religious identity since the submission of the Hijaz to their subordination. This mainly concerned the issues regarding the legitimate entitlement of the Ottoman Sultan to lead Muslims and the service of the Two Holy Mosques. On these bases, The Hijaz had built its political, economic, and religious pillars. Consequently, the Sharif of Mecca, the highest political authority in the Hijaz, was granted wide powers in the administration; his authority even overshadowed the authority of Ottoman rulers. However, the Ottomans were desperate to retain the Jeddah and, to a lesser extent, the Medina port for trade regulation and pilgrim traffic.
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى فهم طبيعة السياق العام، ومؤشرات التواصل الثقافي للعصر الحجري الحديث ما قبل الفخار في منطقتين جغرافيتين متقاربتين؛ هما الشام وشمال غرب الجزيرة العربية. ويشمل ذلك سردًا عامًا لأبعاد الانتشار الجغرافي لمواقع العصر الحجري الحديث ما قبل الفخار في هاتين المنطقتين على أساس البيانات الأثرية الحالية. ومن ثمّ تغطي هذه الدراسة الفترة المعروفة باسم العصر الحجري الحديث ما قبل الفخار (Pre-Pottery Neolithic)، وهي الفترة التي تمثل العصر الحجري الحديث المبكر في بلاد الشام ومنطقة بلاد ما بين النهرين العليا للهلال الخصيب، ويرجع تاريخها إلى حوالي 10000 – 1500 قبل الميلاد.
يتحور هذا البحث حول ثلاث مجموعات حجرية، إحداها تتألف من ٥٥ أداة من شرق المملكة العربية السعودية، وهي الموضوع الرئيس لهذا البحث (أ - ب - ج - د - هـ - و - ز - ح - ط). وقد نُشرت ضمن نماذج أخرى في دليل المعرض الأول للقطع الأثرية المستعادة، سبع أدوات منها فريدة ونادرة، أدوات منتظمة مكملة، كل منها بجناحين ولسان (أ - ب - ج - د - هـ - و - ز) لم يُعثر لها على مثيل خارج هذه الجزيرة سوى في أمريكا (بلد المكتشفين). وأدوات للصيد (٥ - ٦ - ٧ - ٨) شبيهة في الشكل والوظيفة، والأداة الخامسة مشابهة للشكل ولم يُعثر لها على مثيل في أي مكان بعد، والسادسة سكين ثن شبيهة وُجدت في أمريكا، والأداة الأخيرة رأس للصيد يحمل الأسلوب التقني الإيديوي، يُكتشف لأول مرة في شرق الجزيرة ولا يوجد نظير له في العالم سوى في هذه الجزيرة وأمريكا.
تدمر، تعني بالآرامية "الأعجوبة"، استفادت من موقعها الجغرافي الذي جعلها محطة للقوافل الدولية على منتصف الطريق بين الفرات والمتوسط، بين الحضارتين الفارسية واليونانية. وقد حققت تطورًا هائلًا في القرون الأولى من الميلاد، حتى بلغت القمة في عصر مملكة زنوبيا في القرن الثالث الميلادي، ولعبت دورًا مركزيًا في التجارة الدولية مع الخليج العربي وأواسط آسيا والهند. ولم تقتصر تجارتها على الحرير الطبيعي الذي نُقل خامًا وخيوطًا ومنسوجًا، بل شملت مواد ومصنوعات متنوعة وأحجارًا كريمة وتوابل.
كُشف في دادان عن أحجار كثيرة تحمل نحتًا للنُّـمِـرَان. كان النحت مختلفًا في تفاصيله الفنية الدقيقة، والأبعد من هذا أن النحت ربما كانت له أبعاد دلالية ورمزية مهمة لم يتم التطرق إليها بشكل مفصل. من هذا المنطلق، يهدف هذا البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على نحت النُّـمِـرَان في دادان وعلاقته بالإله "ذو غيبة"، والأبعاد الدلالية وراء استخدامه. كما يسعى هذا البحث كذلك لتعزيز بعض الافتراضات التي طُرحت مسبقًا حول مسمى الإله "ذو غيبة"، وجبال الضلع أو الفقر الزخرفي الذي يمكن ملاحظته في نتاج دادان.
تقع جبال ثليثوات شمال شرق محافظة العلا، وتحديدًا شمال مدينة الحجر (مدائن صالح)، على بعد نحو 12 كم شمالًا وجنوبًا من مدينة تيماء، وعلى بعد 47 كم غربًا منها. وتتميز المنطقة بطبيعتها الصحراوية وشح المياه، وهي جزء من سلسلة جبلية ذات تكوينات جيولوجية تشكلت بفعل عوامل طبيعية مثل الرياح والنشاط البركاني. وتكمن أهمية هذه المنطقة في موقعها الجغرافي على طرق التجارة القديمة، كما أن تكويناتها الصخرية تشمل صخورًا بركانية ورمالًا حجرية. ويُعتقد أن وجود الإبل في الفنون الصخرية بهذه المنطقة يرتبط بالعوامل التاريخية والبيئية التي أثرت في حياة الإنسان القديم.
تُعد الرسوم الصخرية واحدة من أهم المعالم التاريخية التي نستطيع من خلالها قراءة تفاصيل الحياة لدى شعوب الجزيرة العربية، والتي ساعدت على فهم تلك الشعوب اجتماعيًا وسياسيًا ودينيًا، حيث استطاع الباحثون رصد العديد من تلك المعالم في الرسوم الصخرية.
تعود أقدم دلائل الدمى (التماييل) في السودان إلى حقبة العصر الحجري الحديث، حيث شكلت رموزًا مهمة للتعبير البشري الذي تنوّع بشكل أوسع مع مرور الوقت ومع بداية الحياة المدنية اللاحقة. وتبدأ من مجرد دمى صغيرة الحجم إلى تماثيل تحاكي الحجم الطبيعي للإنسان والحيوان على حد سواء. وتظهر مواقع العصر الحجري الحديث في السودان اختلافات كبيرة في المخزون الثقافي وتنوعًا واضحًا في المقموس مع كثير من التشابه، خاصة في الأدوات الحجرية والفخار. وقد كانت الدمى الطينية والمفخارية والحجرية إحدى تلك المواد التي تم العثور عليها، إلا في قليل من المواقع، من بينها موقع الصور الذي قام كاتب هذه الورقة بإجراء تنقيبات فيه في الفترة الممتدة من 2005 إلى 2013م. تتناول هذه الورقة بالتفصيل الدلائل المتاحة حاليًا للدمى خلال العصر الحجري الحديث مع التركيز على موقع الصور.
يُعرف الأسلوب (Style) بأنه طريقة الفنان في التعبير، كما يُعرف أيضًا بأنه الصيغة الكلية للتصميم أو الشكل الإبداعي، وغالبًا ما يرتبط بمنطقة أو فترة معينة أو بحضارة، ولذلك يمكن القول إن الأسلوب غالبًا ما يمثل الاتجاه الفني. يتضح لنا من خلال أدبيات الموضوع، بأن فن النحت في تايلوس، وخاصة على صعيد التماثيل المصنوعة من الحجر الكلسي، يتميز بعدد من السمات الأسلوبية، حيث أسلوب التشكيل للأذرع المختلفة في التماثيل من ناحية، ومن ناحية أخرى فإن التفاوت في درجة إتقان العمل الفني دليل آخر على وجود أكثر من ورشة عمل محلية في تايلوس.
شاع تشكيل ونحت الجعلان (الجعارين) في حضارات الشرق الأدنى القديم، كما اكتُشفت في مواقع بالجزيرة العربية خلال أعمال التنقيبات الأثرية التي أُجريت في المواقع الأثرية. وقد كان انتشارها واسعًا في الحضارة المصرية على امتداد وادي النيل. ويتناول هذا البحث دراسة بعض نماذج الجعلان (الجعران) التي وُجدت أعداد كبيرة منها في المواقع الأثرية بالجزيرة العربية، سواء في الوسط أو الشرق أو الشمال الغربي من الجزيرة. يتخذ الجعران شكل حشرة سوداء اعتادت تجميع الروث وتكوينه على هيئة كرة بيضاوية الشكل، ثم تضع بيضها بداخلها وتدفعها أمامها إلى جحورها.
يتناول هذا البحث علاقة الدولة الساسانية بمنطقة جنوب الجزيرة العربية، وتحليل الروايات التاريخية الواردة في المصادر العربية، ومحاولة التوفيق بينها وبين ما ورد في المصادر الأخرى من نقوش وآثار محلية وساسانية. كما يهدف إلى تعرف طبيعة تلك العلاقات ومدى استمراريتها شرق الجزيرة وغربها وجنوبها، ومدى أهمية جنوب الجزيرة للدولة الساسانية في محاولة مد نفوذها إليها وموقف القوى المحلية من تلك العلاقات.
الخرج محافظة من محافظات منطقة الرياض. تقع على بعد ثمانين كيلاً إلى الجنوب من مدينة الرياض عاصمة المملكة العربية السعودية. وهي عبارة عن حوض تحفه الجبال المنخفضة من جميع الجهات، ويأخذ شكل أخدود بطول يصل إلى مئة كيل، وعرض يتراوح من نقطة إلى أخرى بين أربعة أكيال إلى ثلاثين كيلاً. تتحدر إلى الحوض عدة أودية رئيسة، من أهمها: وادي العين، ووادي السهباء، ووادي الغيّب من الجنوب الشرقي، ووادي حنيفة من الشمال، ووادي نساح من الغرب، ووادي برك من الغرب أيضًا. وجميع هذه الأودية تلتقي في النهاية الشمالية الشرقية لحوض الخرج، حيث توجد الرياض الضخمة الشعبية ومنها روضة التوضيحية وروضة السهلة. وفي الأخيرة تجتمع مياه الأودية الكبيرة مثل وادي حنيفة ووادي نساح ووادي السهباء. وبعد تجمع الماء فيها، يتكوّن وادي السهباء، الذي يُعتقد أنه كان يصب في الخليج العربي عند مدينة سلوى في العصور القديمة، مجتازًا وادي الدهناء. (الخريطة رقم ١).
كان العاج من المواد الخام التي لفتت انتباه الإنسان منذ أقدم العصور، وقد دلت الشواهد الأثرية في غرب أوروبا على أن الصيادين الأوائل استخدموا العاج في تشكيل بعض التماثيل الحيوانية والآدمية منذ العصر الحجري القديم الأعلى. وهذا يدل على أن هدف الإنسان لم يكن مقتصرًا على توفير الغذاء من اللحوم فحسب، بل تعدّاه إلى أغراض فنية ورمزية.
إذا ذكرنا أننا نتحدث عن تاريخ يصل إلى أبعد من ألفي وثمانمئة عام. فكيف لهذه الجزيرة، موطن العرب والموطن التاريخي لتنميط تبعية المرأة للرجل أو دونيتها؟ وما بين محاولة فهم هذه الإشارات التاريخية في مصادر معتمدة
عرف المصريون الفيل منذ عصور ما قبل التاريخ، حيث ظهرت شواهد وجوده في الرسوم الفنية. فقد تميز الفيل بضخامته وملامحه المميزة وبنيته القوية وأنيابه العاجية الثمينة، وقد عُثر على بقايا هياكله في تلك العصور. ساعدت هذه المكتشفات على تتبع دور الفيل وأهميته في عصور ما قبل التاريخ، حيث ظهر في الرسوم الخاصة بالفنون العظيمة، وخاصة في الرسوم النادرة التي تُعد من المفردات الفنية المميزة. كما ظهر الفيل في هيئة التماثيل والصلصال والتمائم، إضافة إلى النقوش التي أبدعها الفنانون المصريون القدماء، وبرز فوق النابعلة أو اللاتلا كعنصر مكوّن في حضارة النوبة الثانية والثالثة.
نشط الوجود المصري في النوبة في الدولة الوسطى حيث استُؤنفت البوابة الأمنية بعد إقامة كثير من العلاقات والصلوح في مختلف الفترات، بين اللندنيين الأول والثاني في أرجاء النوبة.
يتناول هذا البحث أسطورة "دلون" بوصفها نموذجًا للأسطورة السومرية، ويستعرض السياق الأدبي والتاريخي الذي ظهرت فيه، مع تحليل مضامينها الرمزية والدينية والاجتماعية. كما يناقش الباحث آراء عدد من العلماء مثل: Jacobsen (1946)، Kramer (1944)، Langdon (1919)، Cornwall (1944)، Bibby (1969)، Potts (1983)، Rice (1984)، ويعتمد على المقارنة بين النصوص السومرية والأساطير المجاورة في بلاد الرافدين، لتحديد موقع أسطورة دلون ضمن البنية الأسطورية العامة، وتفسير أبعادها الفكرية والروحية في المجتمع السومري القديم.
