مجلة الخليج للتاريخ والآثار - العدد التاسع عشر

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

ظاهرة اهتزاز وزلزلة السماء والأرض في النصوص المصرية القديمة

يتناول هذا البحث المفردات والتراكيب التي استخدمها المصريون القدماء للتعبير عن اضطرابات السماء والأرض، مثل: mnmn، sdA، qi، hmhmt، nhnhA، nhm، nwT، nwr وتختلف هذه المصطلحات في دقتها ودلالاتها، وقد فسّرت العديد من النصوص أسباب هذه الظواهر، منها ما هو إلهي مرتبط بالآلهة والقوى الكونية، ومنها ما هو طبيعي كاضطراب الأرض، والظواهر الجوية، والأحداث الفلكية. كما تناولت النصوص تأثير هذه الظواهر على البيئة مثل المطر والظلام، وعلى الإنسان من حيث الانفعالات النفسية.

الدكتور/ وليد محمد صفائي

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

Musnad inscriptions from the Temple of Shabʿān in Wadiī Ḥarīb - Marib Governorate. And new data about the religious and administrative functions in the ancient Yemeni temples during the second half of the first millennium BC.

This paper analyzes three Musnad inscriptions that were found in the Temple of God Ḥawkam known as Shabʿān (bytn šbʿn) in the town of Maryamah (Hajar al-ʿAdī) in Wadi Ḥarīb. This temple was looted and destroyed in previous years, which led to the loss of much of its archaeological and cultural heritage. According to the writing style of these inscriptions, they date back to around the third century BC. The importance of these inscriptions lies in the fact that they identify a variety of religious and administrative functions and positions held by a variety of priests and officials responsible for the care of the Qatabanian temples in the Bayḥān Valley and Ḥarīb, where a number of important ancient Yemeni towns arose in the first millennium BC. The inscriptions under investigation also corrected the significance of a number of previously recognized functions and included some names of deities, flags, families, locations and terms of importance in ancient Yemeni inscriptions.

الدكتور/ محمد بن علي الحاج

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

The Praetorian Guard and the protection of the Roman Emperor in the second and third centuries AD

This research deals with the role of the Praetorian Guard in Roman politics in the second and third centuries AD. The Praetorian Guard was formed during the reign of Emperor Augustus in 27 BC, and its primary mission was to protect the emperor and his family, but its role soon expanded to include protecting the capital, Rome, and securing it from internal strife. Protecting homes from thieves’ attacks, participating in putting out fires, and securing sports games and theatrical performances in the city. In the second and third centuries AD, the Praetorian Guard continued to perform its traditional functions, but it also played a prominent political role, as its leaders were able to interfere in the selection of the emperor, isolate each other, or were able to occupy the throne themselves. Several factors contributed to the expansion of the political role of the Praetorian Guard, including: • The weakness of the emperors in that period, which provided the opportunity for the guards to interfere in political affairs. • Frequent political conflicts in Rome, which made the Guard a military force required by various political parties. • The stability of the Praetorian Guard in the capital, Rome, made it closer to political events and more able to influence them. The research concluded that the Praetorian Guard was an important political force in the Roman Empire in the second and third centuries AD, as it played a prominent role in political events and contributed to destabilizing political stability in the empire.

الأستاذة الدكتورة/ فتحية بنت حسين عقاب أستاذ التاريخ القديم بجامعة الملك سعود

الأستاذ/ عبدالعالم أحمد حمود مجاهد طالب دكتوراه بقسم التاريخ - جامعة الملك سعود

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

The chronology at the Dadan archaeological site: new and different data through the results of recent archaeological excavations.

Recent archaeological research at the Dadan archaeological site, in northwestern Saudi Arabia, have revealed important data that significantly improve our knowledge of the occupation sequence of this site. Earlier evidence indicated that the site had two major phases – the first in the first millennium BCE (corresponding to the Dadanite and Lihyanite periods), and the second in the Early Islamic period (from the eighth to the tenth century AD). However, as part of a new archaeological project carried out by the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) on behalf of the Royal Commission for AlUla (RCU) and the French Agency for the Development of AlUla (AFALULA), new large-scale excavations have now revealed a much longer sequence spanning more than three millennia. This paper discusses this new chronology and raises questions about its historical implications. Key words: Dadan, AlUla, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Dhū-Ghābat.

الدكتور/ عبدالرحمن السحيباني أستاذ مشارك في قسم الآثار، جامعة الملك سعود. مستشار الآثار، الهيئة الملكية لمحافظة العلا.

الدكتور/ جيروم رومير باحث آثار في الوحدة UMR 8167 في المركز الفرنسي الوطني للأبحاث العلمية.

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

نقش السلولي من نجران المؤرَّخ بسنة 29 هجرية دراسة في مضمونه ودلالته التاريخية

This research studies the inscription of Abdullah bin Yazid Al-Saluli, which was found in 2002 by the joint Saudi-Japanese mission in Wadi Al-Khushaybah in Hima region-Najran. The importance of this inscription derived from it is being one of the oldest Islamic inscriptions, as it is dated back to the year of 29 AH (as will be explained in the research) which makes it comes in the third rank in terms of dated Islamic inscriptions, after Salamah inscription dated 23 AH and Zuhair two inscriptions dated 24 AH. This inscription can be classified within the commemorative Islamic writings that executed on the rocks of the roads' paths for proving presence in the place and an expression of faith and piety. It is a written document that has an important historical and cultural significance with the religious and social contents and names it contains. It is also an authentic witness of its era culture that dated back, as well as its importance in studying the development of Arabic calligraphy in that early history of Islamic period. The Saudi-Japanese team referred to this inscription in their preliminary report An annually report This inscription was referred to in a preliminary report on the work results done by the Saudi-Japanese team in Najran and Medina regions, published in Atlal Annual book (Issue 18 - 1426 AH / 2005), and it was also referred to in a general study on the rock inscriptions and drawings in Wadi Al-Khushaybah in Najran, published by Kawatoko and et al, issued by the Middle East Culture Center in Japan and the University of Tokyo (2005 AD). The inscription did not receive a detailed comparative study covering its content and historical connotations, which will be handled by the researcher in this research.

الأستاذة/ ميساء بنت علي إبراهيم الغبَّان

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

The Al-Shihr region between classical and Islamic geographical sources

This research provides a description of the geography of the Ash- Shihr region, which is the historical region located in the region of the southern Arabian Peninsula, the study presented in the introduction a definition of this region and its linguistic and spatial significance, the study also touched on determining the geographical extension of the region, and the study sought to monitor the geographical features of the region according to the references mentioned in the sources, where the researcher traced the most important things mentioned in a number of classical sources (Greek-Roman) and Islamic geographical sources with regard to the geographical characteristics and features of the region, starting from its astronomical and geographical location, and its status in the ancient world in terms of regional division and classification, the research also touched on shedding light on the most prominent features of the region’s climate, as it was distinguished by some climatic characteristics that attracted the interest of historians and geographers, the researcher then moved on to monitor what was reported about the terrain and surface features of the region in those sources, and among the most important of these terrains: mountains and valleys, as the sources that the study examined recorded for us information about some of the names of the mountains and valleys that are located within the Ash-Shihr region, we have also recorded for us some of the geographical features that characterize those mountains and valleys, and the topography of the region that the historical sources have recorded for us, as well as the marine capes and bays, as we will see in the course of the research the presence of a number of bays and marine capes - called in some sources Al-Ghab or Al-Jun -, then the research moved on to mention the islands of the region that were mentioned in the sources, the most important of which are: Socotra Island in the Republic of Yemen, and the islands of Korea Muria - Al-Hallaniyat - in the Sultanate of Oman currently, the sources documented for us what characterized those islands, both in terms of their geography and the appearance of their surface, and the appearance of its surface, or what it was famous for in terms of merchandise and commercial commodities that had value in the markets of the ancient world, the last station of this research was on the roads and paths of the region, the region had paths and roads for the passage of internal and external caravans, and those paths and roads varied between the sea roads and, the interior roads , the researcher also tried to track and monitor the signs related to these roads, while trying to link some of the names related to them that were mentioned in ancient sources to what matches or is close to them in our current time. Keywords: Ash- Shihr - South Arabia - Geography - Surface appearances

الشحر – جنوب الجزيرة العربية- الجغرافيا – مظاهر السطح

الأستاذ/ سالم أحمد سالم الكثيري وزارة التربية والتعليم - سلطنة عمان

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

An Abbasid dirham minted in Dar Sik, Jazan region, in 186 AH, and mistakenly attributed to Bisha in the Asir region. (New reading)

‏Through this study, and in light of the evidence included in it, it has become necessary to know that the dirham of Caliph Harun al-Rasheed attributed to the Bisha mint; Preserved in the Qatar National Museum, it is a dirham bearing the name of the Baysh Mint. ‏This dirham, bearing the date of minting 186 AH, makes it, until the publication of this study, the oldest archaeological evidence in the field of Islamic coins bearing the name of the Baysh Mint, which makes it of great and immeasurable importance in the history of Islamic coins minted in the regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and in the Jazan region in particular.

الدكتور/ فيصل بن علي الطميحي

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

A rare Abbasid Commemorative Dirham in the name of Mulahidh

This research presents an Abbasid commemorative Dirham in the name of Mulahidh and Abbasi ruler Al-muqtadir Biallah. It is preserved in Mr. Ammar Omran's collection in Saudi Arabia, and it does not represent the date and minting place of the coins. It is considered one of the extremely rarest coins, and it has not been published, or published any similar one ever. It was studied in this research in descriptive-analytical method during the political & military circumstances that occurs in Tehama of Yemen in that era. Prince Mulahidh has minted this coin after his victory against Ismaili's preacher Ali bin Al-fadhl in Yemen. This Dirham in particular, and this study in general are a new addition to the field of studying Islamic coins, and the money of Yemen in the Islamic era.

الدكتور/ نايف بن عبدالله الشرعان مدير إدارة العملة - البنك المركزي - الرياض

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

Political and military relations between the Mamluk Sultanate and the sultanates and kingdoms of India (658-923 AH / 1260-1517 AD)

A number of the sultanates and kingdoms of India were linked to the Mamluk Sultanate with political and military relations, which increased their claim to the existence of the Abbasid Caliphate in Egypt. Therefore, A number of the sultans of India were keen to obtain a tradition from the Abbasid Caliph, to legitimize their rule, and for this reason they exchanged embassies with the Mamluk Sultanate and the resident Abbasid Caliph. In Egypt at that time, which led to the consolidation of political relations between the two countries. As for the military alliance, it arose due to the success of the Portuguese in reaching India, their occupation of a number of Indian ports, and their piracy in the Indian Ocean. To control it and prevent Indian and Mamluk trade from passing through, which led to the injury of the Mamluk Sultanate and the Sultanates and kingdoms of India with serious economic and security damage, so they allied to eliminate the common enemy, and if they initially won in the battle of Cheol, they were defeated in the battle of Dio, which led to the control of The Portuguese over the Indian trade, and this had serious political, economic and religious implications for the Indian and Mamluk sides.

الدكتور/ عبدالعزيز بن عبدالله أبوداهش أستاذ تاريخ إسلامي مشارك - قسم التاريخ – كلية العلوم الإنسانية - جامعة الملك خالد

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

Defensive fighting weapons Two armguards in the Georgia National Museum as a model

This research deals with the study of two arm guards preserved in the Georgia National Museum. I chose these two guards, as they are published for the first time, in addition to the decorative richness of pictorial drawings of hunting themes, and various floral motifs. The detailed descriptive approach of the two protectors was followed in terms of the industry, decoration methods and the decorative elements implemented on them, in addition to the comparative analytical method in order to identify the similarities and differences between the two masterpieces under study and their contemporary metal artifacts in order to reach the history of their industry and the historical period to which they belong. The study concluded with a set of results and facts, including the ratio of the two arm guards to the Safavid era (11th century AH / 17th century AD). The decoration of the outer frame that surrounds each of them has been decorated in the same style and decorations, which confirms that the two protectors date back to the same time period, perhaps to the same manufacturer or one of his students. In addition, the study showed the artist's success in expressing the nature of movement and realism in his figurative themes, through diversification in the movements of people and the diversity of their weapons, animals, and the direction of their movement. Key words: arm guards, Georgia National Museum, Safavid era, engraving style, illustrations, floral motifs.

واقيات الأذرع، متحف جورجيا الوطني، العصر الصفوي، رسوم تصويرية، زخارف نباتية.

الدكتور/ شبل إبراهيم شبل عبيد أستاذ مشارك بقسم السياحة والآثار- كلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية – جامعة جازان – المملكة العربية السعودية.

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

Investment of Historical Sites in the Sultanate of Oman: Harat Al-Aqr as example

This research delved into the importance of investing in historical sites within the Sultanate of Oman. Harat Al-Aqr (Al-Aqr Alley), a historical site, was selected as a case study for two primary reasons: its historical value and the investment experience associated with it. The study aimed to accentuate the alley's historical significance, define the envisioned investment objectives, and outline the challenges encountered during the initial stages of investment, along with the gains and accomplishments achieved. The research was anchored in the hypothesis that investing in Oman's historical sites could yield direct and indirect economic returns, contributing to the national economy's resources. The study sought to leverage the experience gained from Harat Al-Aqr and apply it to other Omani alleys. To fulfill its objectives, the research employed historical, descriptive, and case study methodologies, utilizing interviews as a primary research tool. The study was structured into an introduction and three main segments: Theoretical Framework, elucidating the importance of investing in historical sites; Historical Value of Harat Al-Aqr; and Investment in Harat Al-Aqr, encompassing its origins, challenges, benefits, and achievements. The conclusion encapsulated the key discoveries of the research. Several conclusions were drawn from the study, primarily highlighting the viability of investing in heritage and culture sectors, especially in historical sites. The investment experience in Nizwa stands as a model that could be replicated under similar conditions and factors. Keywords: Investment, historical sites, Harat Al-Aqr, Nizwa, Sustainable development

استثمار، المواقع التاريخية، حارة العقر، نزوى، التنمية المستدامة.

الدكتور/ علي بن سعيد الريامي قسم التاريخ-كلية الآداب والعلوم الاجتماعية - جامعة السلطان قابوس

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

The Use of Sorghum in Sudanese Food Culture: Past and Present

By tracing the archaeological and written records in Sudan, we found that sorghum was cultivated early in Sudan, since the fourth millennium BC. It appeared in many inscriptions and decorative drawings on pottery vessels and rock drawings, besides analyses conducted on skeletal remains that proved the use of sorghum in the daily food of the ancient inhabitants of Sudan. Current kinds of food, such as porridge (Asida) and marissa were also found in the archaeological record, which indicates a clear cultural continuity in food behavior from ancient times until today. Sorghum is considered the backbone of the Sudanese food culture. It is cultivated in a wide range of Sudan's plain lands. The environment has helped it to be the largest agricultural crop in the plains of central and western Sudan and in the south of central Sudan as well. Nowadays, sorghum is included as a main ingredient in popular breads, comprising types such as Kisra (also spelled kissra) and porridge (Asida), as well as some drinks such as starch and marissa. KEYWORDS: Sudanese food culture-cultural origins of sorghum- ancient food of Sudan

الثقافة الغذائية السودانية –الأصول الحضارية للذرة الرفيعة- الغذاء القديم في السودان

الدكتور/ فائز حسن عثمان أحمد أستاذ مساعد برنامج الآثار – جامعة جازان

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

The book (The Marginalized in Islamic History): A Critical Reading

The book (Almuhamashun in Islamic History) by well-known history professor Mahmoud Ismail Abdel Razek is considered one of the contemporary books that has gained some popularity among those interested in Islamic history. In this book, Dr. Mahmoud reviews a number of revolutions of the marginalized people - or the Muhamasheen as he called them - in different countries and throughout the hurricane, by employing material factors, economic and social, to understand the reality of these movements, explain their causes and analyze their results. Despite the novelty of the book's topic and the boldness of its idea, it did not escape many slips and falls. It is blamed on the author that he was always prejudiced against the rulers in power, biased towards the movements of the marginalized people, and fanatical towards the majority of jurists and historians, a position that is not based on an objective basis, as much as it expresses a personal whim he has. Moreover, Dr. Mahmoud viewed the movements of the marginalized people through his socialist tendencies, which means his total reliance on material factors in interpreting the history of those movements in exchange for his marginalization of the rest of the other factors, such as religious ones, for example, which is a short reading that does not allow its owner to understand all the circumstances of those revolutions and its results. Because of his total bias towards the marginalized people in their revolutions, and his full commitment to the materialistic interpretation of history; Dr. Mahmoud was forced to elect what corresponds to his whim from the historical evidence in order to achieve his goals through open selectivity. These observations, and others that the reader will find when reading the research in detail, necessitate that he be careful and consider when reading such books whose authors claim that they are supporters of enlightenment and protectors of thought because their books may contain ideas aimed at distorting the image of Islamic history, dwarfing its achievements and exaggerating its mistakes. Key words: Almuhamashun in Islamic History, Mahmoud Ismail, marginalized people, revolutions, criticism

محمود إسماعيل، المهمشون في التاريخ الإسلامي، العوام، الثورات، نقد

الأستاذ/ خالد بن عبدالله السعيد طالب دكتوراه - جامعة الملك سعود - كلية العلوم الإنسانية والاجتماعية - قسم التاريخ

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

A report on the political, religious, and economic conditions in the Hijaz during the 10th century AH, based on contemporary sources.

The Ottomans had an urgent need to emphasize their religious identity since the submission of the Hijaz to their subordination. This mainly concerned the issues regarding the legitimate entitlement of the Ottoman Sultan to lead Muslims and the service of the Two Holy Mosques. On these bases, The Hijaz had built its political, economic, and religious pillars. Consequently, the Sharif of Mecca, the highest political authority in the Hijaz, was granted wide powers in the administration; his authority even overshadowed the authority of Ottoman rulers. However, the Ottomans were desperate to retain the Jeddah and, to a lesser extent, the Medina port for trade regulation and pilgrim traffic.

مكة. الاشراف. العثمانيين. الحجاز. القرن العاشر. المحمل. الصرة. الحنفي. جدة

الدكتورة / ابتسام عبد الله بن شيخ الصافي قسم التاريخ- جامعة الملك سعود

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

The First Saudi State in Al-Jabarti’s History

The history of the First Saudi State has been encountering a lot of severe deformities by some schemers who denounced the State’s call for reformation. Therefore, it is important to investigate a series of documented academic studies through the records of some fair and unprejudiced historians. Al-Jabarti’s history, characterized by the title “The History of Wonders of Archeology in Translations and News”, is one of the most significant sources of the history of the First Saudi State; its author lived Mohammed Ali’s fights against the Arabian Peninsula. He also provided enough information about the Egyptian vision on late the First Saudi State. In his work, Al-Jabarti recorded all possible events related to the First Saudi State from (1217H-1802) to (1236H-1821), after the end of the First Saudi State, showing the echoes of these events in Egypt. The significance of this studie is clearly seen in the records of Al-Jabarti’s History which is considered a witness of the events of the First Saudi State.

الأستاذ الدكتور/ نايف بن علي السنيد الشراري جامعة الجوف

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

On the town of Kuwait and its island of Failaka in November 1839: A first translation and initial review of Thomas Edmonds' report

The study aims to translate a British report recorded by Thomas Edmunds, an assistant officer of the East India Company “EIC”, into Arabic and provide it with annotations and a preliminary post-analysis. The report was not translated previously in the Kuwaiti Academic field, and it is relevant to diverse societal and environmental aspects of Kuwat Town and its Failaka Island in November 1839. Numerous questions are examined on the report; the most prominent of which are as follows: where is the report’s holograph preserved? Was the report subjected to an editing-typing process in later English primary and/or secondary sources? If so, was it summarized and/or revised in such sources? Has it been used in contemporary Arabic and English academic studies? What are circumstances that led to the report’s formation? What are life’s observed details of the town and island? To approach T. Edmunds’ observations and his own linguistic expressions the study relies on three varied methods. Last but not least, The study draws several results in addition to a recommendation. Most prominent of the earlier are various life’s activities of the town and the island in terms of social, economic and political forms. Keywords: history, Kuwait, Failaka, Edmunds, Britian.

تاريخ، الكويت، فيلكا، إدمندز، بريطانيا.

الدكتور/ محمد راشد خرشان قسم التاريخ – كلية الآداب والعلوم الاجتماعية - جامعة السلطان قابوس

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

Mīzāb al-Kaʿba “Gutter of the Kaʿba” (a historical and cultural study)

The Holy Kaaba is the most pure architecture known to humanity throughout the length and breadth of time, and the most wonderful view in history in terms of prestige and dignity. The Holy Kaaba consists of buildings and small parts, each of which has its own name. Among those parts is the gutter of the Holy Kaaba. The gutter is the part fixed to the roof of the Kaaba on the northern side, between the Syrian and Iraqi corners, extending towards al-Hijr, and draining the water collected on the roof of the Kaaba when rain falls or washing the surface to the Hijr of the Kaaba. Since its presence, in the building of Quraysh until the Saudi era, it passed with the attention of Muslim rulers, enabled by Allah to serve His Sacred House through the ages, through repairs at times, restoration at other times, and replacement and change in some cases whenever the need arises. This research is concerned with tracking the historical and cultural development of the gutter of the Kaaba in the Saudi era, and demonstrating the Saudi leadership’s preservation of its restoration, repair, and change, relying on the inductive, analytical, historical approach, through documents of the Mamluk era, a group of sources, and ancient and modern references. The research reached some results out of which are; the term gutter was mentioned in documents of the Mamluk era with the words “Mīzāb” or “Mīzrāb” to denote, in the same sense referred to, the channel placed in the floor of roofs and protrudes from the building wall to drain rainwater; it is one of the most important works of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, King Fahd - May Allah have mercy on him - during the comprehensive restoration of the Holy Kaaba. He replaced its old gutter installed during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Majeed I in 1276H / 1860G, with a new gutter of the same sizes. In addition, so as to increase the strength and durability of the gutter, the same quality of wood used in roofing the roof of the Holy Kaaba and its three inner columns during its comprehensive restoration was chosen, which is teak wood.

الأستاذ/ فهد بن عتيق الشبان المالكي أستاذ التاريخ الحديث - جامعة أم القرى

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

Islamic Antiquities: Definition and Classification

This research showing the Islamic Archaeology and its charactaristics, and archaeological sites and cities, and decorated arts which created in the Islamic cites. This research aimes to studying the Islamic archaeology and its types, definates its decorative, and architectural elements; in trying to enrichment the archaeological research with this study and makes it easier for the researcher to obtain a brief and comprehensive knowledge of their types. This study contains photoghraphies showing some types to helps understanding and classificying it.

الأستاذ الدكتور/ طلال بن محمد الشعبان قسم الآثار- كلية السياحة والآثار- جامعة الملك سعود

الأستاذة/ ديما إسماعيل الزعبي طالبة الدكتوراه - قسم الآثار- كلية السياحة والآثار- جامعة الملك سعود

Issue 19 Journal 01 Apr 2024

Google Earth and exploring the sites of archaeological stone structures in the north, northwest, and west of Saudi Arabia

Abstract: This article discusses the usage of Google Earth for exploration in the field of archaeological research. Through its various editions (web platform, computer programs, mobile applications, etc.), it provides high-resolution images that help in the exploration of new archaeological sites in different regions. The article reviews some selected examples of stone structures in the north, northwest, and west of Saudi Arabia that Google Earth has helped to explore and identify. The article seeks to evaluate the feasibility of using Google Earth in archaeological research and to what extent it contributes to finding solutions to the challenges of field archaeological surveys in vast desert areas that are difficult to survey and explore by ground survey. The article focuses on providing scientific material in Arabic for specialists, enthusiasts, and students of archaeology on the usage of Google Earth in the field of archaeological research of stone structures in Saudi Arabia to build scientific knowledge in Arabic to keep pace with modern scientific advances in the field of archaeological survey. Keywords: archaeology, Google Earth, satellite images, stone structures, exploration, archaeological survey, archaeological sites, archaeological excavations.

الأستاذ الدكتور/ جمال جعفر عباس الحسن قسم السياحة والآثار - جامعة جازان - المملكة العربية السعودية

Scientific Publications

Scientific Publications